Selected North Dakota and Minnesota Range Plants (continued)EB-69, 1998 Common Name: Species: Calamovilfa longifolia (Hook.) Scribn. Family: Poaceae - Grass Family Tribe: Eragrosteae
Description: Perennial plant often smooth to the touch, 8-14 dm tall. Leaf blades smooth, mostly 10-60 cm long, 4-8 mm wide; sheaths mostly smooth but often having long soft hairs marginally at collar; ligule 0.5-2.2 mm long. Panicles open to mostly narrow, 10-40 cm long; glumes sharply pointed, the first 4-6 mm long, the second 5-7 mm long; lemma sharply pointed, usually slightly shorter than second glume; palea firm, often equal in size to lemma. Anthers 2.9-4.5 mm long. Origin: Native Growing Season: A warm season grass beginning growth in early to mid May, flowering in late July, and setting seed through September. Habitat: This species grows on prairies and plains, often dominating sandhill prairie regions. It is most commonly found on sand and sandy range sites, often associated with drier upland sites. Distribution: Prairie sandreed occurs from Manitoba to Alberta south to Idaho, Kansas, Colorado, and Indiana. This species is found throughout the northern Great Plains region. It is commonly found throughout North Dakota on coarse textured soils. It is found in the south-western two-thirds of Minnesota. Forage Value: This species provides fair to good forage value for cattle and horses and fair value for sheep during its first two months of growth and after it cures on the stem for fall and winter grazing. Crude protein content is about 16 percent in May, dropping to 4 percent by November. Although crude protein content is low in the fall and winter, available carbohydrates increase from 45 percent in May to 55 percent in November. This species is considered a decreaser with grazing pressure, but it will increase with initial heavy use, especially if growing within a big bluestem – sand bluestem plant community. Wildlife Value: The foliage of this species will provide fair feed for grazing and browsing wildlife in the spring and early summer, becoming more important as a winter forage as it cures well on the plant, remains upright, accessible and nutritional. There is little information on the use of the seed by wildlife. The seeds are possibly used by some songbirds. [ Back to Index ] [ Home ] [ Glossary ]
Common Name: Sandbur, Mat sandbur, Grassbur Species: Cenchrus longispinus (Hackel) Fernald.
Family: Poaceae - Grass Family Tribe: Paniceae
Description: An annual or short-lived perennial, 2-5.5 dm tall. Leaf blades are rolled, rarely folded, flat at maturity, 4-14 cm long, 2.8-6.5 mm wide; sheaths sometimes sparsely covered with soft hairs, normally smooth; ligules 0.6-1.3 mm long. Burs contain 30-60 spines; spikelets 2 or 3 per bur; largest spikelet with its first glume 0.8-3 mm long, its second glume 4-6 mm long, 5-nerved, the lemma of its first floret 4-6.1 mm long, palea of that floret usually as long as the lemma, enclosed in staminate flower. Anthers of the upper floret 0.7-1 mm long. Origin: Native Growing Season: A warm season grass beginning growth in early to mid May, flowering in July, and setting seed through September. Habitat: Sandbur can be found growing on floodplains, in lawns, fields, and pastureland, becomes quite common on waste ground. This species is most commonly associated with sandy soils. Distribution: This species can be found through-out most of the United States, becoming less common in northern states. Also common in Mexico and Central America. Sandbur may occur throughout North Dakota, especially on disturbed sandy soil. This plant occurs in the southern two-thirds of Minnesota. Forage Value: This species is considered an undesirable plant that has limited forage value in the spring prior to seed set. Once burs are present it has no forage value. The burs are damaging to sheep fleece and goat hair, decreasing value of the product. This plant is considered an increaser with grazing pressure. Wildlife Value: The value of this plant to wildlife is very limited, with only a few bird species utilizing the burs as feed. [ Back to Index ] [ Home ] [ Glossary ]
Common Name: Spike oat, Hooker's oat grass Species: Helictotrichon hookeri (Scribn.) Henr. Synonym: Avena hookeri Scribn. Family: Poaceae - Grass Family Tribe: Aveneae
Description: Tufted or matted perennial 1-7.5 dm tall. Culms are erect, smooth, and hollow. Leaf blades are smooth to covered with shallow depressions, thickened and whitish on the margins, midrib prominent and whitish below, folded in the bud and at maturity, tip boat-shaped, mostly 2-20 cm long, 1-4.5 mm wide when unfolded. Leaf sheaths smooth, keeled, open to the base; ligules membranaceous, whitish, usually torn, 3-7 mm long on the culm leaves; auricles lacking. Inflorescence a congested panicle 6-11 cm long, most branches bearing 1 or 2 large spikelets; spikelets 3- to 5-flowered, jointed above the glumes and between the florets, the rachilla bearded. Glumes about as long as spikelets, sharply tipped, thin and membranaceous, the first 3-nerved, 9-13 mm long, the second 3- to 5-nerved, 11-14 mm long; lemmas firm, 5-nerved, the lowest one 10-12 mm long, awned with a strong, bent, twisting awn 12-16 mm long. Anthers 2.7-4.5 mm long. Origin: Native Growing Season: A cool season grass starting growth in late April, flowering in June and July, and setting seed by August. Habitat: This species grows in a variety of soil types where moisture is fairly plentiful, most commonly found on hillsides and open prairie slopes. It seldom forms dense stands, usually found as solitary plants scattered within a community. Distribution: Spike oat can be found in south-central Canada, North Dakota, Montana, and Minnesota, most commonly found along the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains reaching all the way down to New Mexico. It can be found throughout North Dakota, but is often only found as a single plant within a community. This plant occurs only in the northwestern prairie region in Minnesota. Forage Value: This species rarely exceeds 5 percent of the plant community, creating little overall forage value for livestock. It is rather palatable and a good forage prior to seed set, with crude protein content around 10 percent in mid July. This species is considered a decreaser with grazing pressure. Wildlife Value: There is little information on the feed value of this species for wildlife, primarily due to its overall small composition within any one plant community. Since it seldom comprises more than 5 percent of the plant species mix, the overall value to the wildlife community would be small. No literature has been found that indicates an importance to any one wildlife species. [ Back to Index ] [ Home ] [ Glossary ]
Common Name: Foxtail barley, Wild barley Species: Hordeum jubatum L. Family: Poaceae - Grass Family Tribe: Triticeae
Description: A tufted perennial, growing 3-8 dm tall. Culms are hollow, erect to bent below, smooth. Leaf blades are flat, evenly ridged above, rough or with fine hairs, 2-13 cm long, 1.4-4.5 mm wide; sheaths smooth. Ligules are minutely hairy, 0.2-0.6 mm long; auricles small or absent, sometimes present on some leaves, absent on others. Inflorescence nodding, sometimes partly encompassed in the uppermost leaf sheath, 7.5-12.5 cm long, including awns; glumes having bristles, rough, 2.5-6.8 cm long; lemma of central spikelets narrow, tapering into a roughened awn, the body 5-8 mm long, the awn 2.5-6.2 cm long. Anthers 0.8-1.6 mm long. Origin: Native Growing Season: A cool season grass which begins growth in late April and flowers from June to August. Habitat: This species grows in moist areas such as ditches, sloughs, low prairies, and waste grounds, usually associated with saline and alkaline soils. It can be found in cultivated fields and pasturelands, classified as a nuisance weed. Distribution: Foxtail barley occurs throughout most of the United States, except for the south-eastern states. It is commonly found throughout North Dakota and Minnesota. Forage Value: This species is considered a palatable forage until seed heads are formed in the sheath. When young, provides fair forage for cattle, horses, and sheep, seldom grazed thereafter. Foxtail barley can also make fair quality hay, but must be put up prior to seed set. The awns can cause sore mouth and may cause lumps or abscesses. This species is considered an increaser with grazing pressure. Wildlife Value: This plant provides only fair forage for grazing and browsing wildlife species. The seeds are utilized by some small rodents, geese, and ducks. [ Back to Index ] [ Home ] [ Glossary ]
Common Name: Orchard grass Species: Dactylis glomerata L. Family: Poaceae - Grass Family Tribe: Poeae
Description: A clumped, nonrhizomatous perennial, 6-10 dm tall. Culms are erect, smooth, hollow, often slightly compressed. Leaf blades are soft, folded in the bud, usually flat at maturity, roughened, the midvein quite prominent beneath, mostly 10-43 cm long, 3-9 mm wide. Leaf sheaths are closed toward the base with margins overlapping and fused, smooth, keeled, and laterally compressed. Ligules are membranaceous, irregularly cut at maturity, 2.5-13 mm long; auricles none. Inflorescence a panicle with relatively few branches, the spikelets are clustered in 1-sided groups on short pedicels; spikelets compressed, 2- to 4-flowered, jointing above the glumes and between the florets. Glumes vary in texture and size, 2.5-7 mm long, approximately equal in size, 1- or 2-nerved, often markedly asymmetrical, sharply pointed or short-awned, smooth to rough or having minute hairs present, especially on the main nerve. Lemmas are rather faint, 5-nerved, gradually tapering to a point or short-awned, rough to slightly hairy, lowest lemma with an awn up to 1.3 mm long; paleas shorter than the lemma. Anthers 1.8-3.7 mm long. Origin: Introduced from Europe and Asia, considered naturalized throughout North America. Growing Season: A cool season grass beginning growth in late April and flowering from late May to early October. Habitat: This species has been introduced primarily as a forage grass for pastures and hayland, however, when escaped it can occur on a variety of habitats associated with fine to coarse soils in crop fields, meadows, pastures, ditches, disturbed woodlands, and waste areas. Distribution: This grass has been seeded and occurs throughout most of the United States, primarily in the upper two-thirds of the United States, in New Mexico, western Texas, and southern Canada. It is most abundant in the northwestern and northeastern regions of the United States. Orchard grass is rarely found growing naturally in North Dakota. However, when seeded, it is usually planted into previously cultivated lands in eastern North Dakota and mainly in the southern one-third of Minnesota. Forage Value: This species provides good to excellent forage for all classes of livestock. It provides the best quality forage as pasture in the spring, declining rapidly with maturity. Orchardgrass cures well as hay, providing an excellent forage and is often seeded with legumes to provide a high quality and high producing feed. Orchardgrass stands need fertilizer to maintain high production. This grass is considered an invader on native rangeland. Wildlife Value: This species is considered a highly desirable forage to grazing wildlife, especially in the spring. It is often relished by white-tailed deer. The seeds are used by some songbirds to an unknown extent but are not a necessity seed feed. [ Back to Index ] [ Home ] [ Glossary ]
Common Names: Species: Distichlis spicata (L.) Greene var. stricta (Torr.) Beetle Synonym: Distichlis stricta (Torr.) Rydb. Family: Poaceae - Grass Family Tribe: Aeluropodeae
Description: A mat-forming, dioecious, strongly rhizomatous perennial, 0.8-3.5 dm tall. The pistillate plants on the average are shorter than the staminate plants. The culms are stiff and erect, smooth, solid to hollow. Leaf blades folded in the bud rolled inward to flat at maturity, tapered, rather stiffly erect, evenly ridged, smooth below and rough to minutely hair above, 2-12 cm long, 1-3.5 mm wide. Sheaths smooth to sometimes with soft, very tiny hairs, especially above; ligule a short fringed membrane 0.1-0.4 mm long, often flanked by small hairs. Inflorescence a short, contracted panicle 2-7 cm long; spikelets 8-17 mm long, jointed above the glumes and between florets, 5- to 13-flowered. Glumes firm, slightly keeled, sharp, the first 1- to 7-nerved, 2.5-4.5 mm long, second 5- to 11-nerved, 3-5.5 mm long; lemmas sharp, slightly keeled, 7- to 11-nerved, 4-7 mm long; paleas about equal to the lemma, 2-nerved. Anthers of staminate plants 2-3 mm long. Origin: Native Growing Season: A warm season grass beginning growth in early May and flowering from July until August. Habitat: Inland saltgrass grows in low, moist prairie, along roads, near creeks, lakes, potholes, and rivers associated with moist alkaline or saline inland soils. Distribution: This grass occurs throughout most of the United States and Canada, except for some northeastern inland states and eastern inland Canada provinces. It is common throughout North Dakota and the extreme western prairie area in Minnesota. Forage Value: This species is seldom grazed when other grasses are available or heavy grazing pressure is applied. It has poor palatability, although crude protein and phosphorus levels are average. This species is classified as an increaser with grazing pressure. Wildlife Value: The foliage of this plant is utilized to a small extent by white-tailed deer, otherwise provides poor forage for wildlife. The seeds, young plants, and rootstocks are utilized by many waterfowl species, to a greater extent by shovelers, blue-winged teal, and Canada geese. The seeds are utilized by some shorebirds and small rodents. [ Back to Index ] [ Home ] [ Glossary ]
Common Name: Barnyard grass Species: Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) Beauv. Synonym: Echinochloa occidentalis (Wieg.) Rydb. Family: Poaceae - Grass Family Tribe: Paniceae
Description: Erect to prostrate annual, 3-10 dm long. Culms are smooth. Leaf blades and sheaths smooth, often bearing a few bristlelike based hairs on the margin in the collar region; blades usually 8-22 cm long, 6-12 mm wide; sheaths compressed. Inflorescence 5-27 cm long, primary branches appressed and spreading, bearing long bristles; glumes and lemma variably hairy to nearly smooth, first glume sharply tipped, 1-2 mm long, second glume 2.5-4.5 mm long, tapering gradually to a point to short-awned, the awn rarely over 1 mm long; lemma of 1-4 mm long, tapering gradually or with an awn up to 40 mm long; palea 2-3.5 mm long. Anthers 0.5-0.9 mm long. Origin: Introduced from Europe and Asia, considered naturalized. Growing Season: A warm season grass beginning growth in early May and flowering from late June through September. Habitat: Barnyard grass grows in a variety of moist or wet areas such as ditches, gardens, cultivated fields, corrals, and other waste areas. This species is known for developing dense stands where crops or grasses have flooded out. Distribution: This grass occurs throughout most of the United States but becomes less common in the northwestern region. It occurs as a weed throughout most of North Dakota but is most common in the eastern two-thirds of the state. This plant is found throughout Minnesota. Forage Value: This species is considered more of a nuisance weed with little forage value. It produces a fair forage if pastured when young, otherwise is seldom utilized. It is considered an invader with grazing pressure. Wildlife Value: The seeds of this grass are considered a valuable feed for many birds. The seeds are utilized by geese and over 13 species of ducks, used to a greater extent by mallards, pintail, and green-winged teal. Many marshbirds, shorebirds, upland gamebirds, and songbirds feed on the seeds to some extent. The foliage of this plant has little feed value to grazer and browser wildlife species, utilized only occasionally by muskrat and rabbits. [ Back to Index ] [ Home ] [ Glossary ]
Common Names: Canada wildrye, Nodding wildrye Species: Elymus canadensis L.
Family: Poaceae - Grass Family Tribe: Triticeae
Description: A tufted perennial normally lacking rhizomes. Culms erect, hollow, 8-15 dm tall. Leaf blades ascending to spreading, flat to rolled inward, green or covered with a whitish waxy bloom, 10-25 cm long, 4-10 mm wide, mostly shorter and narrower in the northern Great Plains; sheaths usually smooth; ligules 0.5-1 mm long, entire or with margin eroded; auricles prominent, 1.5-3 mm long, usually clasping culm. Spikes arching, projecting outward from the sheath, 8-18 cm long; rachis minutely rough and fringed with marginal hairs, internodes much shorter and spike dense; spikelets 2 per node, appressed, each with 3-5 florets; glumes linear, 15-25 mm long, glume body shorter than lemma body, smooth to rough on the veins, margins smooth to fringed with hairs, awns at maturity nearly straight or recurved. Lemma bodies 9-12 mm long, usually with minute hairs, lemma awns 15-30 mm long, at maturity divergent to sharply recurved; paleas about equal to lemma body in size. Anthers 2-2.5 mm long. Origin: Native Growing Season: A cool season grass beginning growth in late April and flowering from June through August. Habitat: This species is found in sparse stands along rivers, stream banks, lakeshores, ditches and roadsides, open prairie, and disturbed ground. It has adapted to a wide variety of soil moistures but is most suited to dry or moist sandy, gravelly, rocky, or alluvial soils. Distribution: This grass occurs throughout Canada and the United States, except for a few southeastern and southwestern states. It can be found throughout North Dakota and Minnesota. Forage Value: This species provides good forage for cattle and horses, fair forage for sheep during the spring. The plants' feed value reduces dramatically as it matures and is utilized sparingly in the summer and fall. The seed head may become infested with ergot and is potentially dangerous to livestock. This species is considered a decreaser with grazing pressure. Wildlife Value: This species will provide fair forage for most grazing and browsing wildlife species. The awns may be picked by some songbirds, utilizing the seeds for feed. [ Back to Index ] [ Home ] [ Glossary ]
Common Names: Stinkgrass, Stinking lovegrass Species: Eragrostis cilianensis (All.) E. Mosher
Family: Poaceae - Grass Family Tribe: Eragrosteae
Description: A tufted, annual bunchgrass that grows 1-5 dm tall. Culms are hollow to pith-filled, often bent below growing outward then upward, smooth or with rings of glandular pits below nodes. Leaf blades flat to somewhat rolled inward, smooth, but with wartlike glands on margins and midribs, 3-16 cm long, 1.5-5 mm wide. Leaf sheaths smooth but frequently with a tuft of hairs at the collar; ligules 0.4-0.9 mm long. Panicle 2-12 cm long, relatively dense, spikelets considerably exceeding their pedicels in length; spikelets large, 5-12 mm long, 2-3.6 mm wide, 9- to 24-flowered. Glumes fall off early, but the lemma and paleas usually retained beyond fruit maturation; glumes are 1- to 3-nerved, rough with wartlike glands often present on the midnerve, first one 1.3-2.1 mm long, second one 1.4-2.3 mm long; lemma 3-nerved, lateral nerves prominent; paleas fringed with marginal hairs on nerves. Anthers 0.2-0.4 mm long, retained or projected outward. Origin: Introduced from Europe, considered naturalized in most of the United States and southern Canada. Growing Season: A warm season grass beginning growth in early May. It flowers in late July, setting seeds through early October. Habitat: Stinkgrass has adapted to a variety of soil types. It is most commonly associated with disturbed areas such as waste grounds, roadsides, cultivated fields, gardens, and occasionally on some deteriorated ranges. Distribution: This grass can be found throughout the Great Plains region and much of the United States and southern Canada. Stinkgrass can be found throughout North Dakota and Minnesota. Forage Value: This plant provides little to no feed value for any class of livestock. Stinkgrass has a pungent odor that disagrees with most animals, discouraging livestock consumption unless most other forage plants are lacking. This plant is not a nuisance on healthy rangelands due to its poor competitiveness with perennial plants. Stinkgrass is considered an invader with grazing pressure. Wildlife Value: This plant will provide little forage value to grazing and browsing wildlife species. This annual plant will produce a dark seed which is utilized by some songbirds but provides little value for upland gamebirds. [ Back to Index ] [ Home ] [ Glossary ]
Common Name: Rough fescue Species: Festuca scabrella Torr. Synonym: Festuca campestris Rydb. Family: Poaceae - Grass Family Tribe: Poeae
Description: A strongly tufted or matted perennial 4-7.5 dm tall. Culms are smooth to dull, rough above, erect, with leaves distributed mostly toward base. Leaf blades stiff, rough on both sides, strongly ridged above, rolled inward, 15-37 cm long, 0.5-2 mm wide; ligule collarlike, highest on the side, 0.1-0.6 mm long, fringed with long, soft hairs. Panicle condensed, 4-14 cm long; spikelets mostly 2- to 3-flowered, 6-9 mm long, 1.5-3.5 mm wide; first glume 5-8.5 mm long, second glume 6.5-8 mm long; lemmas sharply to awn-tipped, 5.5-7 mm long, its awn up to 1 mm long when present. Anther 2.2-3.6 mm long. Origin: Native Growing Season: A cool season grass beginning growth in late April and flowering from June to July. Habitat: This grass can be found on open slopes of hills and valleys. It is most commonly associated with dry, deep sandy loam soils. Distribution: Rough fescue is found throughout Canada, south to northern Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Montana, western Wyoming, western Colorado, and northern North Dakota. This plant can be found in the northwest and north central edge of North Dakota. This species has not been found in Minnesota. Forage Value: This species provides excellent forage for cattle and horses and good forage for sheep during all growth stages. It cures well on the stem providing a valuable winter feed and also produces good hay when cut prior to seed set. Its crude protein content is about 12 to 14 in the vegetative growth stage, increasing slightly as it matures, dropping to 7 to 9 percent by August, and 4 to 7 percent by October. Rough fescue is easily grazed out with grazing pressure and is classified as a decreaser. Wildlife Value: This species provides good forage value for most grazing and browsing wildlife animals, especially mountain sheep, mule deer, and some small mammals. The seeds are utilized by some songbirds and small mammals. [ Back to Index ] [ Home ] [ Glossary ]
Common Names: Prairie junegrass, Junegrass, Koeleria Species: Koeleria pyramidata (Lam.) Beauv.
Family: Poaceae - Grass Family Tribe: Aveneae
Description: A strongly tufted, perennial bunchgrass, 2-6 dm tall. Culms hollow, erect, with minute hairs in the inflorescence and near the nodes. Leaves mostly basal; blades folded in the bud, flat, somewhat rolled or folded at maturity, smooth to weakly covered with short, rigid hairs, thickish, finely ridged beneath, with few broad ribs above, tip boat-shaped, 2-18 cm long, 1-3 mm wide. Leaf sheaths smooth to having short, rigid hairs, open to the base; ligules whitish, membranaceous, 0.3-1.5 mm long, often with small hairs on margins. Inflorescence a congested panicle 3-9 cm long with 2 flowered spikelets; spikelets flattened laterally, jointing above the glumes and below the florets, variable in size. Glumes usually roughened, at least on the keel, first one 1-nerved, 1.9-4.3 mm long, second 1- to 3-nerved, 2.5-5.5 mm long. Lemmas are 5-nerved, roughened on midnerve, awnless, 2.5-4.8 mm long, lowest lemma usually reaching tip of the longest glume. Anthers 1.1-2 mm long. Origin: Native Growing Season: A cool season grass starting growth in mid April, flowering by late June, and producing seed through September. Habitat: Junegrass can be found growing on dry prairies and open woodlands in all soil textures. It seldom grows in dense stands and is most often associated with blue grama and needle-and-thread plant communities on native rangeland. Distribution: This grass occurs throughout the northern and western halves of the United States, southern Canada, and northern Mexico. It can be found throughout North Dakota and throughout Minnesota except for the northeastern forest area. Forage Value: This species provides good forage for all classes of livestock in the spring and fall. It cures well on the stem but loses palatability after flowering and until cured. It has a crude protein content greater than 20 percent in early spring, dropping dramatically in June and July to a low of 4-5 percent by November. Due to its growth and distribution patterns, considered a low producing plant. This species is considered a decreaser with grazing pressure. Wildlife Value: This species provides excellent forage for most grazing and browsing wildlife species. However, due to its low production potential, it provides only a small portion of any one animal species' diet. This species has been known to be a preferred grass species for white-tailed deer and mule deer, and is often selected for in the spring and fall. [ Back to Index ] [ Home ] [ Glossary ]
Common Names: Plains muhly, Stonyhills muhly Species: Muhlenbergia cuspidata (Torr.) Rydb. Family: Poaceae - Grass Family Tribe: Eragrosteae
Description: Perennial growing in tufts or mats from thickened culms and knotted bases, 3-6 dm tall. Culms are solid, stiffly erect, flattened, and crisped, minutely pubescent below the nodes, and often branched in the upper-half. Blades are folded in the bud, flat to folding at maturity, scabrous above, slightly keeled, 2-22 cm long, and 0.6-2 mm wide. Leaf sheaths keeled, smooth to somewhat rough; ligules membranaceous, truncate, short, and 0.2-0.5 mm long. Panicles are 4-14 cm long, slender, and branches erect. Spikelets are 1(2)-flowered; glumes 1-nerved, subequal, 1.2-3 mm long, acute, scabrous on the nerves; and lemmas 3-nerved, acute, 2.5-3.6 mm long. Anthers 1.2-1.8 mm long. Seed 1.6-2.3 mm long. Origin: Native Growing Season: A warm season bunchgrass that starts growing in early May, flowering from late July to August, and setting seed through October. Habitat: This species is most common on stony or gravelly dry slopes of weakly developed soils along ridges and steep slopes of prairies and plains. Distribution: Plains muhly occurs within an area bounded by Alberta, south to New Mexico, east to Kentucky, north to Michigan and Wisconsin. It is found throughout North Dakota, primarily in the western half of the state. This species can be found throughout the prairie region of Minnesota. Forage Value: Plains muhly provides fair to good forage for all classes of livestock in North Dakota. Usually scattered in nature, but stands thick enough to furnish considerable forage may occur. This species is classified as decreaser with grazing pressure and found primarily in pastures in good to excellent range condition. Wildlife Value: The forage from this grass provides good forage value for white-tailed deer and mule deer. Plains muhly seeds also provide feed for wild turkeys in the fall and winter. [ Back to Index ] [ Home ] [ Glossary ] EB-69, 1998
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